NOBEL PRIZES IN THE FIELD OF MEDICINE AND PHYSIOLOGY AND RELATED SCIENCES

 

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NOBEL PRIZES IN THE FIELD OF MEDICINE AND PHYSIOLOGY AND RELATED SCIENCES

 

Science is international in its essence. The general principles of knowledge of the laws of nature, the same for all living and non-living world laws of development unite scientists from various countries and scientific schools.

 

In the modern world, the exchange of scientific information is an indispensable condition (and at the same time a means) of fruitful scientific activity. “It’s impossible to work seriously in science without constant communication with colleagues from all over the world in the specialty,” wrote IP Pavlov.

 

 

Already in the ancient world, when links were established between civilizations, scientists and philosophers became acquainted with the manuscripts brought from other countries. During the period of the classical Middle Ages, scientists in Europe, in the Arabic-speaking world and in the countries of the East relied to a great extent on the works of the great thinkers of previous centuries. In the Renaissance, it became obvious that science is international not only because of its historical development; before science erased the boundaries of states; the scholars, whom we call today the titans of the Renaissance, were educated at two or three universities in different countries, knew Latin and Greek, spoke several foreign languages, and were known throughout Europe.

 

 

However, the number of scientists in the entire previous history of mankind is only a tenth (or maybe one hundredth) of the number working in science today. Over the past century, research methods have changed beyond recognition, which are constantly being improved. New generations of computers are being created, research results are processed with lightning speed. All this immeasurably increases the amount of scientific information. The number of scientific discoveries is growing so fast that the memory of a person is not able to keep them, and a serious analysis of them becomes the lot of narrow specialists. And only time crystallizes the "main" and "great" in the vast ocean of scientific information. However, the society, not remaining indifferent, in all ages seeks to give an assessment today. To this end, numerous national and international awards, titles and awards are established. The highest rarity among them is the Nobel Prize: the names of almost all its laureates of f-physicists, chemists, biologists, and physicians — have become firmly established in the history of science.

 

The Nobel Prize was established on June 29, 1900 in accordance with the will of the Swedish industrialist and scientist A. Nobel. To this day, it remains the most honorable award in the world in the field of science (Fig. 156).

 

Alfred Bernhard Nobel (Nobel, Alfred V., 1833-1896) —the inventor of dynamite, was an ardent pacifist. “My discoveries,” he wrote, “would rather end all wars than your congresses. When the warring parties discover that they can destroy each other in one moment, people will give up these horrors and waging war. ”

 

 

Initially, A. Nobel's idea was to help low-income talented researchers, which he generously provided. The final idea is the Nobel Foundation, the interest from which allows annually paying the Nobel Prizes in the amount of about 100 thousand dollars. In the testament of Alfred Nobel says:

 

All the property that remained after me must be distributed as follows: my executors must transfer capital into securities, creating a fund, the interest from which will be issued as a premium to those who brought the greatest benefit to humanity during the previous year. These percentages should be divided into five equal parts that are meant: the first part to the one who made the most important discovery or invention in the field of physics, the second to the one who made a major discovery or improvement in the field of chemistry, the third to the one who achieved outstanding success in the field of physiology or medicine, the fourth - to create the most significant literary work, reflecting human ideals, the fifth - to the one who will make a significant contribution to the unity of nations, the destruction of slavery, reducing the existence of existing armies and the promotion of a peace agreement.

 

Prizes in the field of physics and chemistry should be awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, in physiology and medicine by the Royal Caroline Institute in Stockholm, in literature by the Swedish Academy in Stockholm, the peace prize by a committee of five elected by the Norwegian Storting. My particular wish is that the award of prizes should not be influenced by the nationality of the candidate, so that the prize will be received by the most deserving, regardless of whether they are Scandinavian or not.

 

 

Below is a list of Nobel Prize winners in the field of physiology and medicine, as well as related natural sciences related to medicine, and the exact wording of the decisions of the Nobel committees.

 

1901. Emil Adolf von Bering (Beh-

 

ring EA von, Germany) —for work on ce

 

rotosters, and above all for its use

 

fight against diphtheria.

 

1901. Wilgerm Konrad Roentgen (Ront-gen W. S, Germany) —for the discovery of the rays that bear his name.

 

1902. Ronald Ross "(Ross R., Great Britain

 

for malaria work that showed

 

as it affects the body, so

 

laid the foundation for important research

 

this disease and methods of dealing with it.

 

1903. Niels Ryuberg Finsen (FinsenN. R.,

 

Denmark) - for the treatment of diseases, especially

 

benno lupus using concentrated

 

light rays.

 

1903. Antoine Henri Becquerel (Becque-

 

rel A. A., France) - for the discovery of spontaneous

 

radioactivity, as well as Pierre Curie (Cu

 

rie R., France) and Maria Sklodowska-Curie

 

(Sklodowska-Curie M., Poland, France) -

 

for studying the phenomenon of radioactivity, discovered

 

addition A. A. Becquerel.

 

1904. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (Russia) -

 

in recognition of his work on the physiology of pi

 

chew that allowed change and races

 

expand our knowledge in this area.

 

1905. Robert Koch (Koch R., Germany) -

 

for research and discoveries in the field of tuber

 

Kuleza.

 

1906. Camillo Golgi (Golgi S, Ita

 

Lia) and Santiago Ramon y Kahal (Ramon y

 

Gajal S., Spain) - for their work in research

 

the structure of the nervous system.

 

1907. Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran (La-

 

veran ch. L. A., France) —for work on

 

studying the role of protozoa as pathogens

 

got sick

 

1908. Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (Russia) and

 

Paul Ehrlich (Ehrlich P., Germany) - for

 

immunization bots (immunity theory).

 

1908. Ernst Rutherford (Rutherford E., We-

 

UK) - for research on disintegration

 

elements and chemistry of radioactive substances

 

social

 

1909. Theodore Kocher (Kocher T., Switzerland

 

Rye) - for his work in physiology, pathology and

 

thyroid surgery.

 

1910. Albrecht Kossel (Kossel A., Germa

 

for) work on protein substances

 

including nucleins that have contributed to

 

study of cell chemistry.

 

1911. Alvar Gullstrand (Gullstrand A.,

 

Sweden) - for the work on dioptric eyes.

 

1911. Maria Sklodowska-Curie (Sklodow

 

ska-Curie M., Poland, France) - as a sign for

 

knowledge of her contribution to the development of chemistry, which

 

she introduced the discovery of elements of radium and by

 

lonia, determination of properties of radium and excretion

 

radium in metallic form, and

 

There, for her experiments with this element.

 

1912. Alexis Carrel. (Carrel A., Fran

 

tion) - in recognition of his works on stitching

 

i viyu vessels and transplantation of blood vessels and organs.

 

1913. Charles Richet (Richet Ch., Fran

 

tion) - for work on anaphylaxis.

 

1914. Robert Barani (Barany R., Avst

 

Riya) - for his work in physiology and pathology

 

vestibular apparatus.

 

1919. Jules Bordet (Bordet J., Belgium) -

 

for discoveries in the field of immunity.

 

1920. Augustus Krogh (Krogh A., Denmark) -

 

for the discovery of the mechanism of capillary blood

 

appeals.

 

1922. Nils Henrik David Bor (Bohr

 

N.N. D., Denmark) —t for merit in learning

 

the structures of the atoms and the radiation they emit

 

of

 

1923. Archibald Vivien Hill (Hill AV,

 

UK) - for the discovery of the phenomenon is hidden

 

moreover, heat generation in the muscles and Otto

 

Erhof (Meyerhof O., Germany) - for the discovery

 

laws regulating oxygen absorption

 

muscle and education in her milk kis-.

 

lots.

 

1923. Frederick Grant Banting (Ban

 

ting FG, Canada) and John James Rickard

 

MacLeod (Macleod J. J. R., Great Britain

 

Niya) - for the discovery of insulin.

 

1924. Bill Einthoven (Einthowen W.,

 

Netherlands) - for the discovery of the electro method

 

cardiography.

 

1926. Johannes Fibiger JFibiger J., Yes

 

for the discovery of spyropteral cancer.

 

1927. Julius Wagner-Jauregg (Wagner-Jau-

 

regg J., Austria) —for the discovery of therapeutics

 

effect of malaria inoculation in case of

 

progressive paralysis.

 

1928. Charles Nicole (Nicolle Ch., Fran

 

tion) - for work on typhus.

 

1928. Heinrich Wieland (Wieland H., Germany) • for research on the composition of bile acids and other similar substances.

 

1928. Adolf Windaus (Windaus A., Ger

 

mania), - for merit in studying the composition of

 

rhinov and their relationship with a group of vitamins.

 

1929. Christian Ackman (Eijkman Ch., Nee

 

Dutch) - for the discovery of antineuritic

 

vitamin and Frederick Gowland Hopkins [Gop-

 

Keynes] (Hopkins F. G., United Kingdom) - for.

 

the discovery of vitamin growth.

 

1929. Arthur Garden [Harden] (Harden A.,

 

UK) and Hans von Euler-Helpin

 

(Euler-Chelpin H., von, Sweden) - for the work

 

on fermentation of sugars and for research

 

enzymes involved in this process.

 

1930. Karl Landsteiner [Landsteiner]

 

(Landsteiner K., Austria) - for the discovery of groups

 

human blood.

 

1931. Otto Heinrich Warburg (O. Warburg,

 

Germany) - for the discovery of nature and functions

 

respiratory enzyme.

 

1932. Charles Scott Sherrington (Sherring-

 

ton Ch. S., UK) and Edgar Douglas

 

Adrian (Adrian E. D., UK) for

 

discovery of neuron functions.

 

1933. Thomas Hunt Morgan (Morgan Th. H.,

 

USA) - for the discovery of chromosome functions as

 

carriers of heredity.

 

1934. Dokordzh Hoyt Whipple (Whipple G. N.,

 

USA), George Richard Minot (Minot GR,

 

USA) and William Parry Murphy (Murphy W.R.,

 

USA) - discovery of the treatment of anemia

 

the introduction of liver extracts.

 

1935. Hans Schempmann (Spemann H., Germa

 

for the discovery of the “organizational effect

 

ta ”in the process of embryonic development.

 

1935. Irene Joliot-Curie (Joliot-Curie I.,

 

France) and Frederic Joliot-Curie (Joliot-

 

Curie F., France) - for jointly executed

 

synthesis of new radioactive elements.

 

1936. Otto Leia (O. Loewi, Austria) and

 

Henry Hallett Dale (Dale H. N., Great Britain

 

tania) - for discovering the chemical nature

 

nervous reaction

 

1937. Albert Szent-Gyordi (Szent-Gyor-

 

gyi A., USA) - for discoveries related to bio

 

by logical oxidation, especially for

 

following vitamin C and catalysis fumaric

 

acid.

 

1937. Walter Normen Hours [Howorth] (On-W. N :, Great Britain) - for the study of carbohydrates and vitamin C and Paul Carrer (Karrer P., Switzerland) - for the study of ca-

 

rotinoids and flavins, as well as vitamins A and B2.

 

»1938. Korney Heymans [Gaymans] (Neu-mans S, Belgium) - for discovering the role of the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration.

 

1938. Richard Kuhn (Kuhn R., Germany) -

 

for studies of vitamins and carotenoids.

 

1939. Gerhard Domagk (Domagk G., Ger

 

mania) - for the discovery of therapeutic action

 

Prontosyl in some infections.

 

1943. Henrik Dam (Dam N., Denmark) —for

 

discovery of vitamin K and Edward Adelberg Doy-

 

zi (Doisy E. A., USA) - for the discovery of

 

The general nature of vitamin K.

 

1944. Joseph Erlanger (Erlanger J.,

 

SSCHA) and Herbert Spencer Gasser (GasserH.S.,

 

USA) - for discoveries concerning numerous

 

functional differences between

 

efficient nerve fibers.

 

1945. Alexander Fleming (Fleming A.,

 

United Kingdom), Ernst Boris Chain (Cha

 

in E. V., Great Britain) and Howard Walter

 

Florey (Florey H. W., United Kingdom) • - for

 

discovery of penicillin and its therapeutic

 

effect in the treatment of various infectious

 

diseases.

 

1946. Herman Joseph Moller [Muller]

 

(Midler HJ, USA) - for the discovery arises

 

X-ray mutations:

 

rays.

 

1946. John Howard Northrop

 

rop JH, USA) and Wendell Meredith Stanley

 

[Stanley] (Stanley W.M., USA) - for receiving

 

pure enzyme and protein species

 

Russ.

 

1947. Karl Ferdinand Corey (Cori C. F.,

 

USA) and Gertie Teresa Corey (Cori G. Th.,

 

USA) - for the discovery of catalytic processes

 

glycogen metabolism, as well as Bernardo Al

 

Berto Husay [Hussey] (Houssay V.A., Argent

 

na) - for the discovery of the action of the hormone, lost

 

exchangeable by the anterior pituitary gland

 

Sahara.

 

1948. Paul Muller (Muller P., Switzerland

 

Riya) - for the discovery of DDT action as strong

 

foot poison for most arthropods.

 

1949. Walter Rudolf Hess [Hess]

 

(Hess WR, Switzerland) —for the discovery of

 

national organization of the intermediate brain

 

ha and its links to domestic activities

 

bodies, as well as Antonid Egash Moniz (

 

niz A. E., Portugal) - for the discovery of tera

 

the therapeutic action of the prefrontal leuco

 

tomi in some mental illness

 

niyah.

 

1950. Philip Showalter Hench (Hench

 

Ph. S., USA), Edward Kendall (Kendall E.,

 

USA) and Tadeusz Reichstein (T. Reichstein,

 

Switzerland) —for the study of hormones to

 

ry adrenal glands, their structure and biological action.

 

1951. Max Tayler (Theiler M., USA) -

 

for discoveries associated with yellow fever

 

and the fight against this disease.

 

1952. Zelman Waxman (Waksman S.,

 

USA) —for the discovery of streptomycin — the first

 

an effective antibiotic pro

 

tiv tuberculosis.

 

1953. Hans Adolf Krebs (H. A. Krebs,

 

Great Britain) —for the discovery of the Tricar cycle

 

Bonovy acid and Fritz Albert Lipmann

 

(Lipmann, F. A., USA) —for the discovery of

 

ment A and its role in intermediate exchange

 

substances.

 

1954. John Enders (Enders J., USA),

 

Frederick Chapman Robbins (Robbins F. Ch :,

 

USA) and Thomas Hackle Weller (Weller Th. H.,

 

USA) - for the discovery of the ability of the virus

 

lyomielitis multiply in cultures different

 

fabrics.

 

1955. Axel Hugo Theodore Theorel (Theo-rell AH Th., Sweden) - for researching the nature and modes of action of oxidative enzymes.

 

1956. André Frederic Kournan (Cour-

 

nand AF, USA), Werner Forssmann (Fors-

 

smann W. Th. O., Germany) and Dickinson Rea

 

Charde (Richards D., USA) - for discoveries, communication

 

cardiac catheterization and pathology

 

changes in the circulatory system.

 

1957. Daniele Bove (Bovet D., Italy) -

 

for discoveries of synthetic substances capable

 

block the action of some forming

 

in the body of compounds, especially

 

on the blood vessels and transversely

 

striped muscles.

 

1958. George U el Bidle (Beadle GW,

 

USA) and Edward Tatem [Tatam, Tatum] (Ta-

 

tum E., USA) —for the discovery of the ability of

 

newly regulate certain chemicals

 

processes (“one gene - one enzyme”), and

 

same Joshua Lederberg (Lederberg J., USA) —-

 

for discoveries concerning genetic recom

 

binders in bacteria and structures are genetically

 

of the apparatus.

 

1958. Frederick Sanger [Sanger] (San-

 

ger F., UK) —for the study

 

protein structures, especially insulin.

 

1959. Sieero Ochoa (Ochoa S., USA) and

 

Arthur Kornberg (Kornberg A., USA) - for use

 

following the mechanism of biological synthesis

 

ribonucleic and deoxyribonucleic

 

acids.

 

1960. Frank Vernet (Burnet F., Australia

 

Leah) and Peter Brian Medawar (Medawar P. V.,

 

UK) - for research acquired

 

immunological tolerance.

 

1961. György Békésy (Bekesy D., Hungary,

 

USA) —for the discovery of the physical mechanism

 

excitement in the cochlea of ​​the inner ear.

 

1962. Francis Harry Creek. (Crick F. N., -

 

United Kingdom), James Dewey Watson (Wat-

 

Lope J. D., USA) and Maurice Wilkins (W1I-

 

M. kins, UK) - for the establishment of

 

molecular structure of nucleic acids

 

'and its role in the transmission of information in live ma

 

terii.

 

1963. John Carew Eccles (Eccles J. S,

 

Australia), Alan-Lloyd Hodgkin (Hodg-

 

kin AL, UK) and Andrew Fielding

 

Huxley (Huxley AF, UK) - for

 

investigations of ionic excitation mechanisms

 

and inhibition in the peripheral and central,

 

parts of the membranes of nerve cells.

 

1964. Conrad Emil Bloch (S., E. Bloch,

 

USA) and Theodore Linen (Lynen F., Germa

 

for research on the mechanism of regulation

 

exchange of cholesterol and fatty acids.

 

1965. Andre Michel Lvov (Lwoff AM,

 

France), Francois Jacob (Jacob F., Fran

 

and Jacques Lucien Mono (Monod JL, Fran

 

tion) - for the discovery of genetic regulation

 

synthesis of enzymes and viruses.

 

1965. Robert Burns Woodward

 

ward R. V., USA) - for exceptional contribution

 

in the implementation of organic synthesis.

 

1966. Francis Rows [Rouse] (Rous F.,

 

USA) - for the discovery of tumor viruses

 

and Charles Brenton Huggins (Huggins Ch. V.,

 

USA) - for the development of cancer treatment

 

prostate gland using hormones.

 

1967. Ragnar Granit (Granit R., Sweden),

 

Holden Hartline (Hartline 'N., USA) and

 

George Wald (Wald G., USA) - for research

 

visual process.

 

1968. Robert William Holley (Holley RW,

 

USA) Har Gobind Quran (Khorana H. G.,

 

USA) and Marshall Warren Nirenberg (Niren-

 

berg MW, USA) —for decoding genetic

 

skys code and its functions in the synthesis of proteins.

 

1969. Max Delbrück (Delbriick M.,

 

USA), Alfred Day Hershey (Hershey A. D.,

 

USA) and Salvador Edward Luria (Luria S. E.,

 

USA) - for the discovery of the reproduction cycle

 

. and the development of the genetics of bacteria and viruses.

 

1970. Ulf von Euler [Euler-Helpin]

 

(Euler-Chelpin U. von, Sweden), Julius Ak

 

Selrod (Axelrod J., USA) and Bernard Ksch

 

(Katz V., Great Britain) - for the discovery of whitefish

 

oral substances in the contact organs of the nerve

 

cells and mechanisms of their accumulation,

 

release and decontamination.

 

1971. Earl Wilbur Sutherland [Sutherland]

 

(Sutherland EW, USA) - for research,

 

concerning the mechanism of action of hormones.

 

1972. Gerald Maurice Edelman (Edel-

 

man G. M., USA) and Rodney Robert Porter

 

(Porter RR, UK) - for installation

 

the chemical structure of antibodies.

 

1973. Karl von Frisch (Frisch K-, von, Ger

 

mania), Konrad Lorenz (Lorenz, Austria)

 

and Nicholas Tinbergen (Tinbergen N., The Netherlands, United Kingdom) for creating and using in practice models of individual and group behavior.

 

1974. Albert Claude (Claude A., Belgium),

 

Christian Rene de Duve (De Duve Ch. R.,

 

Belgium) and George Emile Palade (Pala-

 

de Q. E., USA) for research on structures

 

Noah and functional organization of the cell.

 

1975. Renato Dulbecco (Dulbecco R.,

 

USA) - for the study of the mechanism of action

 

oncogenic viruses as well as howard martin

 

Those mines (Temin N. M, USA) and David Balti

 

Mor (Baltimore D., USA) - for the discovery of

 

Tray Scrintase

 

1975. Vladimir Prelog (Prelog V., Shvey

 

Tsaria) - for his work on organic stereochemistry

 

molecules and reactions and john warcup cornea

 

fort (Cornforth JW, UK) - for

 

work on cholesterol biosynthesis.

 

1976. Baruch Blumberg (Blumberg V.,

 

USA) and Daniel Carlton Haidusek (Gajdu-

 

sek D. C, USA) - for the discovery of new furs

 

Captures the emergence and spread of in

 

fektsionnyh diseases.

 

1978. Daniel Nathan (Nathans D., USA), Hamilton Smith (Smith N., USA) and Werner Arber (Arber W., Switzerland) • for his discovery of restriction enzymes and work on the use of these enzymes in molecular genetics.

 

1978. Peter Mitchell (Mitchell P., Great

 

Britain) - for his contribution to the explanation of the transfer

 

biological energy and development. chemio

 

motivic theory.

 

1979. Allan MacLeod Cormac (Sogh

 

mack A. M., USA) and Godfrey Newbold Houns

 

Field (Hounsfield G. N., United Kingdom) -

 

for the development of the method of axial tomography.

 

1980. Baruch Benacerraf (V. Benacerraf,

 

USA), Jean Dosset (Dausset J., France) and

 

George Davis Snell (Snell GD, USA) -

 

for their discoveries are genetically determined

 

structures of cell surfaces that regulate

 

immunological reactions.

 

1980. Paul Berg (Berg P., USA) —for fun

 

biochemical research

 

nucleic acids, in particular

 

binant DNA, and Walter Gilbert (Gilbert vV.,

 

USA) and Frederick Sanger [Sanger] (San-

 

ger F., United Kingdom) - for their contribution to

 

determination of the base sequence in

 

nucleic acids. .

 

1981. Roger Walcott Cneppu (Sper-

 

ry RW, USA) - for the discovery of the functionality

 

brain hemispheres specialization and david

 

Hunter Hubel (Hubel D. N., USA) and Torsten

 

Nils Wiesel (Wiesel, T. N., USA) —for

 

Coverage Information Processing

 

visual system. 1982. Sune Bergstrom (Bergstrom S., Shwe

 

ration), Bengt Samuelson (V. Samuelsson, Shwe

 

tion) and John Robert Vane (Vane JR, Veli

 

kobritaniya). - for the work on the allocation and

 

the study of prostaglandins and related bio

 

logically active substances. .

 

1983. Barbara McClinton (MssSNP-

 

tock V., USA) —for the discovery of migratory

 

elements (mobile genes) of the genome.

 

1984. Nils Kai Erne (Jerne N. K., Be

 

Great Britain) - for the development of the theory of

 

typical network and Cesar Milstein [Milš-

 

thein (Milstein, Argentina) and Georg Köhler

 

(Kohler G., Germany) - for the development of technology for

 

radiation hybrid

 

1985. Michael Stuart Brown (Brown MS,

 

USA) and Joseph Leonard Goldstein (Gold

 

stein JL, USA) - for the disclosure of the mechanism

 

regulation of cholesterol metabolism in the body

 

Ie animals and man.

 

1986. Stanley Cohen (Cohen S., USA) and

 

Rita Levi-Montalcini (Levi-Montalcini R.,

 

Italy) - for the study of factors and fur

 

growth control cells and organisms

 

animals.

 

1987. Suzumi Tonegawa (Tonegawa S.,

 

USA) - for the discovery of the genetic basis for

 

education variational richness of antibodies.

 

1988. Gertrude Elyon (Elion G. V., USA)

 

and George Herbert Hitchings (Hitchings G. N.,

 

USA) - for the development of new principles of

 

Denmark and the use of a number of medicinal

 

means (antiviral and antitumor

 

out)

 

1989. Michael Bishop (Bishop MJ, USA)

 

and Harold Varmus (N. Varmus, USA) —for

 

research of tumor carcinogenic genes.

 

1990. Edward Donnall Thomas (Thomas E.,

 

USA) and Joseph Edward Murray (Murrey JE,

 

USA) - for discoveries concerning transplan-1

 

tation of organs and cells during treatment

 

human diseases (bone marrow transplantation

 

brain and recipient immunity suppression

 

to prevent transplant rejection

 

tata).

 

 

It is clear that the list of Nobel Prize winners in the field of physiology and medicine and related sciences is not able to reflect all the outstanding ones. achievements of the twentieth century in the field of medical sciences. However, it allows you to see the main directions of development of natural science and medicine in the modern world and to assess the prospects for their further development.

 

The history of medicine